Myth - Bring the racket back as soon as you see the ball coming toward you. Truth - Although on paper this sounds good, the pros do not take the racket back quickly. Are you surprised? Watch the pros and see what you think. In fact, if he were taking a conventional tennis lesson the teaching pro would tell him that he is taking the racket back too slowly! The truth is each pro has his own timing, but most pros take the racket back when they are about to hit the ball, not as they see the ball coming to them. One of the reasons the pros do this is because it is more natural to run to meet the ball with the racket in front of them rather then behind. The pros may have a slight turn with the racket in the direction they are running, but the full swing begins when they are about to hit. I usually demonstrate to my students how silly it looks to run to meet the ball with the racket wagging behind. Then I ask if they have ever seen a pro look like that. They usually laugh. Another reason the pros wait to take the racket back is because the back swing is part of the timing, the rhythm, and the power of hitting the ball. If the racket is back too soon they will become too mechanical and lose the timing, the rhythm, and the power of their shots. The lesson here is to not take the racket back too soon. Wait until you are near the ball and about to swing. If I were you I would not even think about taking the racket back and let it happen naturally. The more you practice letting the racket go back naturally, the better your timing and rhythm will become. Do not fall prey to the myth of taking the racket back to soon. | |
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| Myth -You must hit your groundstrokes with a closed stance (body sideways to the net). Truth - You do not have to hit all of your shots with a closed stance. The pros hit with an open stance (body facing the net) on most of their forehands and sometimes on their backhands. The bottom line is this. Hit the way that feels comfortable and natural to you. A closed stance is not superior to an open stance. In fact, the open stance has more benefits than the closed stance. Some benefits are listed below. 1. When you are finished hitting with an open stance it is much easier to recover back to the center of the court because your body has not moved as far away from the correct recovery position as you would have when hitting with the closed stance. 2. You can generate more power in the open stance because of the coil and uncoiling affect of the body, along with the ease of swinging upward in this position. 3. It is easier to regain your balance in the open stance. In the closed stance you turn your whole body completely sideways, making it more difficult to recover your balance after the hit. The open stance is an excellent, relaxed, natural shot, especially on the forehand. When hitting forehands with the closed stance the arm is behind you. This makes it a more difficult shot to time correctly because your arm is farther away from the ball. Hitting with an open stance brings the arm closer to the oncoming ball. Now, I am not telling you to never hit with a closed stance. Use whatever comes natural on a given shot. The point is to not fit yourself into a rigid mold. When playing tennis you should do what is best for the situation at hand. Sometimes the situation calls for an open stance and sometimes a closed stance. Practice letting this happen naturally and you will be surprised how your body will figure out the right way to hit the ball. You will develop spontaneity through preparation! | |
Contact the ball waist high | |
| Myth - You should contact the ball waist high on all of your shots. Truth - What about high balls? Now, if you can get your opponent to agree to stop running you all over the court, hit the ball with the same trajectory every time, and no high balls, contacting the ball waist high could be a winner! Unfortunately, this does not happen in a real match. You must learn to hit balls ankle high, knee high, waist high, shoulder high, and even head high! Yes, hitting somewhere between the knees and the waist may be the most comfortable for most players. If you can do this, fine! But do not fit yourself into a rigid mold that says you must hit the ball waist high or else you are not playing good tennis. Your goal is to play the ball at whatever height in any given situation. Stop chastising yourself every time you do not hit a ball at your waist and you will come closer to thinking and playing like a pro than ever before. Just play!!! Time and practice (repetition) will eventually teach you to hit balls at all different levels and hit them well. I guarantee it! | |
Reading the racket face | |
| Myth - Watch your opponents racket face to determine where he is hitting the ball. Truth - Excuse me! For sure you will watch your opponents racket face, speedily determine where it is going, and off you will go like a speeding bullet in the direction of the ball! To understand the answer to this myth you must first understand what I call "the teaching paradox." One of the most important and most difficult concepts to master as a teacher is the cause and result relationship. In whatever field you teach in you must understand the difference between what are causes (something that brings about a result) and what are results (comes about because of something else). If you teach a result as a cause you will confuse and frustrate people. It is the job of a teacher to sort this out for the students. Watching your opponents racket face to determine where he is hitting the ball is just such a case. Watching the racket face is a result not a cause. Watching the racket face is the result of many hours and months of practice playing the game of tennis and watching your opponents hit over and over and over again. One day out of nowhere you begin reading your opponents shots a little better than you did a month ago. I guarantee you did not accomplished this by the isolated act of watching the racket face. Can you see the problem? To have someone teach you a result (watching the racket face) as a cause will confuse and frustrate you. You will keep thinking, "I am watching the racket face, but I cannot determine where the ball is going. I always seem to be too late. I guess I just do not have the ability to be able to read the racket face." Now you know this is not true! If you relax and simply keep watching your opponents hit a lot of shots eventually the repetition will improve your ability to read the shot. Watching the racket face is a result caused by hours of practice, so you might as well relax and enjoy the process. Example: I am constantly watching my students up at the net trying desperately to read the racket face for a lob. I observe them closely as they read lob off of the racket face only to be pummeled with a groundstroke into their stomach! So much for watching the racket face. | |
Keeping your eye on the ball | |
| Myth - Keeping your eye on the ball to hit the sweet spot of your racket. Truth - keeping your eye on the ball does not make you hit the sweet spot of your racket. Many times when players miss hit you hear them say, "keep your eye on the ball." Sounds logical, but it is not true! It is your JUDGMENT that helps you hit the sweet spot of your racket, not keeping your eye on the ball. When your judgment improves you do not even have to follow the ball right into the strings! How do you think a pro hits the ball from behind his back? He never sees the ball hit the strings, but he hits the sweet spot anyway. How does he do this? It’s judgment! Stop thinking that keeping your eye on the ball will make you hit the sweet spot of your racket. It will not! At best keeping your eye on the ball gives your brain information about the flight of the ball and eventually, with time, your judgment will improve. Repetition is the only way to improve judgment. Seeing the ball over and over and over again will eventually improve your judgment. When your judgment improves you will be able to follow the ball with your eyes automatically. The better your judgment, the easier it will be to keep your eye on the ball! You can keep your eye on the ball all you want, but if your judgment is poor you will see the ball with perfect clarity as it travels right on past your racket and hits the back fence!!! Keeping your eye on the ball to hit the sweet spot of your racket is a result of many hours of practice. Just to keep your eye on the ball in itself will not make you hit the sweet spot...sorry! | |
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| Myth - You should extend your arm straight out and up pointing toward your target on your groundstrokes. Truth - The pros swing upward, but do not exaggerate swinging outward like conventional methods teach. In fact, the pros swing so much upward that their body leaves the ground to maintain their balance and produce even more power and topspin (topspin makes the ball rotate forward allowing you to hit the ball higher above the net letting the spin pull the ball down into the court).. On the forehand the pros bend their elbow on the follow through as they swing over their shoulder or just below the shoulder. This is a natural motion and produces topspin on their shots. On the backhand you should have a relaxed, high follow through that is also upward more than forward. Do not try to force your follow through to come to a screeching halt on the backhand. Just let it go! Conventional methods try to fit you into a mold that is not natural and can hamper the instinctive, automatic, and spontaneous play that is the signature of a champion. Learn to be more relaxed and natural with your follow through. | |
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| Myth - To learn to play tennis you must concentrate on many intricate technical skills. Truth - This is one of the toughest myths to answer because of all the preconceived ideas that conventional tennis lessons, books, and tapes have instilled in most players. The short answer is "no" you do not have to concentrate on many intricate technical skills to learn to play tennis or even to become the number one player in the world! How is that for a shocker. The longer answer is the pros develop a "feel" for a given shot and that "feel" allows the technical skills to work correctly. How do you develop a "feel" for a particular shot? Let me answer that by first explaining how you do not develop a "feel" for a shot. You do not develop a "feel" for a stroke by verbally trying to talk yourself through a host of different technical commands. To do this would confuse you, frustrate you, and have the affect of making you more mechanical rather than instinctive and automatic. Eventually you will think, "I'll never get this game!" Conventional methods are notorious for emphasizing technical skills and making the whole learning process mind boggling! You develop a "feel" for a given stroke at any level by concentrating on one or two important procedures and then letting repetition mold the rest of the stroke. As you develop a "feel" through practice the intricate technical skills will function automatically. Much of tennis will be learned in the same way that you learned to walk. You learned to walk by repetition and trial and error of some simple procedures. Eventually not only did you develop a "feel" for walking, but you learned advanced skills like running, jumping, and skipping, with no added instruction. The technical skills functioned properly because of developing a "feel" for walking through repetition. Not because you or anyone else verbally talked you through a host of technical instruction. These same principles of learning apply to tennis. For a more detailed explanation of this walking analogy click on "Warrior System" then click "Physical Skills." To help you understand this principle a little better. The next time you are playing do not concentrate on your footwork at all. Instead, just let your feet do what ever naturally occurs for the situation. Do not worry if you should step with the left foot here or the right foot there. Just play! Move your feet in a way that feels comfortable and natural. Do this for your next 5 to 6 matches and notice how your balance begins improving, notice how sometimes you will hit with an open stance (body facing the net) and sometimes with a closed stance (body sideways), and above all notice how you have become more automatic, instinctive, and relaxed. Guess what? You are beginning to acquire a "feel" for the footwork. Not to mention you will enjoy yourself more! Now, go back and concentrate on the correct footwork again and notice how mechanical and restricted you feel. | |
Form is everything | |
| Myth - To play tennis properly you must have the correct form. Truth - Did anyone ever see Babe Ruth at bat? Form? What form? This applies to most tennis pros on the circuit today! Have you been watching them with an informed eye. If not, let me help you out. The pros do not play according to the conventional methods and form that are taught today. I know, I know! They are gifted players, therefore we should not emulate them. I refer you to one of the tennis myths "emulating the pros" for an explanation of this concept. The woods are filled with tennis players who look good, but can not win. Now, I am not saying to go out and play sloppy tennis. The point is to not get hung up on this 'perfect form' thing. If you do, you will begin thinking the correct form will make the ball go over the net correctly. You may be thinking, "well, doesn’t it?" Answer. No! You could have the perfect form according to accepted tennis instructional books and be the idol of your club. But, if your timing and judgment are lacking you will look great as the balls go flying everywhere. You will, however, take excellent pictures for the club bulletin board or perhaps a local magazine. Timing and judgment are far more important than the perfect form. This is why pros are pros! Even though they do not have the perfect accepted form they have superior timing and judgment and have acquired a "feel" for a given shot. This is why Babe Ruth hit so many home runs. The form does not make the ball go in the court, the unique individualized "feel" they have developed through exceptional timing and judgment does. Stop relying on form to make you a good tennis player. Start relying on repetition and hours of practice to develop your timing, judgment, and "feel" of a particular shot. If you have nice form that comes along with this practice, terrific. But, if you do not have conventionally accepted form, it doesn't matter. Who knows, maybe you will become a pro! | |
Balanced after every shot
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Winners win matches | |
| Myth - Hitting winners is the way to win your matches Truth -You will probably be shocked to learn that when the pros play only 10 to 20 percent of their shots are winners. This means 80 to 90 percent of the shots are consistent controlled shots moving their opponent around looking for an opening to hit a winner. Before I go on let me cut you off at pass. Just in case you think you are not guilty of this infraction. There are two different mindsets that can impact your matches. The first is the "consistent mindset" (waiting for the right opportunity to hit a winner) and the second is the "hit winners" mindset (trying to hit winners too soon). Most players will agree that no matter what you do in tennis you should be consistent. Yet, guess what mindset most people play in? You guessed it! The "hit winners" mindset. Most of the time players do not even know themselves that they are playing with the "hit winners" mindset. To them they are just trying to win the point. More than likely you are guilty of this infraction and do not know that you are thinking incorrectly. You probably overplay many shots attempting to win points too soon. Most players do! Especially if the ball comes back to you more than two times. You will begin subconsciously thinking I must be doing something wrong because the ball keeps coming back You will then attempt to hit the ball harder or try a low percentage shot to end the point. Yes, you probably play in the "hit winners" mindset too often. I challenge you to monitor yourself to see in which mindset you play. If you are guilty of playing with the "hit winners" mindset, make an effort to change and play with the "consistent mindset" waiting for the right opportunity to hit a winner. If you practice this, I guarantee you will begin winning points you otherwise would have lost, and as an added benefit you will play far more relaxed in you matches. Winners do not win matches - consistency and control does! | |
Bending your knees | |
| Myth -You should bend your knees on all of your strokes Truth - Again, if you have read a number of these myths you should begin to see a pattern. Most top players do what is necessary for a particular shot. If the ball is low they bend their knees more, if the ball is higher they do not bend as much. Some players dip the racket head down instead of bending the knees quite as much. Some pros bend more from the waist on certain shots than would be accepted in conventional wisdom. Actually if a top pro were to take a conventional tennis lesson he would be completely incorrect in most of what he does. I tell you what, I’m not going to tell him, you tell him!!! Now, can't you just hear the conventional lesson given to a top pro? You know Pete, you have a few problems here. You jump off the ground on most of your shots, you swing upward instead of outward, you hit entirely too much with the open stance, your racket preparation is much too late, you are not staying still and balanced on each shot, you definitely are not staying down through the stroke, you are hitting too many times with your body weight moving backward, your knees are not always bent, your racket head drops below your wrist too many times, and you are rolling your wrist on your groundstrokes just about every time. In short, you are a mess! I think you need about ten hours of lessons a week for the next year to straighten all of this out. Pete Sampras answers, "but I just won Wimbledon!" Yes, sometimes you bend your knees and sometimes you do not bend quite as much. Avoid the pitfall of making bending the knees this rigid axiom that has to be followed before you can play tennis well. Play relaxed and look like an athlete bending naturally and where necessary. Oscar Meyer in his book "You Can Play Tennis in 2 Hours" hit it right on the nose when he said "Combined with stay down through the stroke, only bending the knees makes players look like broken puppets. Bend naturally - waist, knees, arms - looking like an athlete, not like a stiff marionette." Personally I rarely tell any of my students to bend their knees. Actually, I believe it has been years since I have uttered the words "bend your knees." I have discovered that in time most players begin bending their knees automatically and naturally without having to mention it. So, I leave them alone and let the natural process teach them when to bend a little and when to bend more. It works! Think about it. Did you ever approach a low ball when playing tennis and think to yourself, that ball is really low, I believe I will stand straight up to hit it. Of course not! If you know the ball is low the tendency would be to bend down to reach it. The problem is most players, especially beginners, intermediates, and some advance players do not know the ball is low until they get close to it. As time goes on and you practice and play you will recognize that the ball is going to be low ahead of time and begin bending automatically. How’s that! One less thing to think about. Stay with me and we will have you playing relaxed, automatic, and instinctive tennis in no time. | |
Racket turning in your hand | |
| Myth - The racket turning in your hand means you did not hold on tight enough Truth - Let’s see, they tell me I should be diplomatic so I do not offend anyone when I write these things. Let me give it a try. Here goes! Ninety percent of the time the reason why the racket turns in your hand is because you are judgmentally challenged. How did I do? What do you mean you are not even sure what I am talking about! Okay, how about this. Ninety percent of the time the reason why the racket turns in your hand is because your judgment of the ball is poor and you did not hit the sweet spot of the racket. Not politically correct, but it is true! Do not feel bad though because the same is true for the pros. When they miss the center of the strings the racket will turn in their hand also. The pressure that is created when hitting off center is tremendous and causes the racket to turn in the hand. The true answer to stop the racket from turning in your hand is to improve your judgment of the ball by hours and hours of practice. Do not try to hold the grip tighter to stop it from turning. This may be one of the contributing factors to 'tennis elbow.' Everyone is holding on so tight it is placing strain on the whole arm! | |
Weight moving forward
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| Myth - You should move your body weight into the ball on all of your shots. Truth - I have seen players struggle with this one for many years. They hit a ball as they are moving backward, miss the shot and exclaim, "I should have been moving into the ball!" Of course it would have taken a super human effort to move your weight forward as the ball your opponent hit is driving you backward. Nevertheless it says right here in "How to Play Tennis in a Minute," chapter 5, page 234 that your body weight should move into your shots. By the way, that was a fictitious title I made up. I can hear the wheels turning in your mind, "How to Play Tennis in a Minute," I wonder where I can buy that book? What do the pros do? Simple! If the shot requires the body to move backward that is what they do they move backward. If the shot requires the body to move sideways that is what they do they move sideways. And yes, if the shot requires the body to move forward that is what they do they move forward. The pros move their body weight according to the situation. You should do the same. Stop stressing yourself out every time you do not move your body weight into the ball. Allow yourself to move backward, sideways, and forward depending on the shot at hand. Relax and flow naturally rather than being rigid and mechanical trying to force something that is not there. Every shot does not require your body weight to be moving into the ball. Now, doesn't that feel betteralready! | |
Emulating the pros | |
| Myth - You should not emulate the way pros play because they are gifted athletes. Truth - This makes a lot of sense! To all ungifted athletes - do not attempt to emulate the best in the world, instead follow a system of teaching that is destined to produce mediocrity. I wonder if there is some kind of tennis sheriff that comes around and says "you’re gifted, you use this system" and "you’re ungifted, sorry but you learn this other way." The concept here of course is do not learn from the best, because they are the best. Obviously this is absurd, if there is anyone you should learn from, it is the best. What the best do, they do for a reason. Everyone should use them as a model to study and learn the game of tennis. Conventional methods of teaching tennis are not based on the natural and spontaneous way that pros play. In fact, conventional methods are the opposite of the way that pros play, making players more rigid, unnatural, and mechanical. You should try to emulate the pros when practicing and even learning the game of tennis. When looking for a teaching pro to help you learn the game of tennis try to find one who does not over emphasize the technical. Some procedures are necessary, but they should be kept to a minimum allowing repetition to mold your stroke. For more on this concept please read the "Physical Skills" under "Warrior System." You should learn tennis with methods that teach you like a pro plays! Is this possible? Absolutely! I do it all the time. I have taught hundreds of players to be more automatic, relaxed, and instinctive. Eventually I hope to have some videos or even some email lessons that can show you how to learn this way. It’s fun! Until then do not be afraid to follow what the pros are doing when you watch them on television. | |
Keep a firm wrist | |
| Myth - Keep your wrist firm on all your shots Truth - The only shots I know of that requires a firm wrist are the volleys up at the net. On overheads and serves the pros snap their wrist forward and on groundstrokes they roll it upward with their forearm to produce topspin on the ball. Again we have one of those traditionally accepted axioms that just does not hold up under playing application. 'Keep your wrist firm' has caused many a good tennis player to become too rigid and mechanical on their groundstrokes. In stead of 'keep your wrist firm,' the instruction should be, 'do not snap your wrist to hit the ball.' Although in some situations you may have to snap the wrist in order to compensate for a ball that is behind you or when you are barely reaching it, for the most part you should not snap your wrist. Snapping the wrist will produce a flatter shot and not the desired topspin trajectory that a topspin produces to keep the ball in the court. Using the wrist in an upward roll will provide topspin that will improve your groundstrokes. Again, you must get away from conventional methods that try to stuff you into this rigid mold that produces robotic mechanical type players. To play with a more automatic, instinctive, and relaxed mindset you must abandon these methods. If not, you clutter your thinking with bits and bobs. I must do this, or I must do that on my shots to be a good player. You will try to squeeze yourself into this unrealistic mold that you think is necessary to play like a pro. The only problem is the pros themselves are not in that unrealistic conventional mold. Why in the world are you trying? Maybe because no one has told you. Read some more of the myths and other information on this web site and you will become informed. Sign up for my newsletter and become brilliantly informed. Buy my books and tapes and you will know what most pros know! | |
Pointing your finger on the overhead | |
| Myth - To line up the ball on your overheads you should point your finger up at the oncoming ball before you hit it. Truth - Just another variable to think about that is NOT necessary. If you already have a habit of pointing your finger toward the ball, that is fine no need to change it. Some pros do and some pros do not point their finger. The idea behind pointing your finger at the ball is to help you judge the flight of the ball and line it up for the final hit with your racket. Sounds good, but here is the problem. It does not work! All I have seen from this technique is confusion and the addition of one more thing to think about while learning to hit overheads. Beginners point at the oncoming ball as it goes right on over their head or even hits them on the head! In their confusion while hitting an overhead beginners try to remember, "I have to point, I have to point!" And they do point - at the wall, at the lights, at the doors, and even at the ground! I remember the first time I noticed a student pointing at the ground when she moved to hit an overhead. At first I could not imagine what she was doing? Maybe distracting her opponent while smashing an overhead past them? - similar to pointing to the sky making everyone look up while you do something else. Then it dawned on me. She was trying to point at the ball as she had been taught. In her confusion to reach the overhead, she suddenly remembered to point, but forgot what she was supposed to point at! The key to finding where the ball is, as always, is judgment. You must go out and hit many overheads over and over and over again until you can judge where the ball is located. Pointing your finger will not make you judge the ball any better. In fact, it can be a distraction to you! - distracting you from the some of the simple things necessary to learn an overhead. Like preparing the racket and swinging at the ball!!! If you have already developed a habit of pointing at the ball, no need to change this habit. Pointing at the ball is not wrong, it is just not necessary to hit a top notch overhead. If you do not point at the ball, what do you do? Most pros are relaxed allowing their non hitting arm to raise up, but not all of them point at the ball. If there is one common denominator when the pros hit an overhead, it is that the non hitting arm is held up before hitting the ball. Some pros point at the ball, some pros have their elbow up, and some pros have their hand up. Try and stay relaxed and let the non hitting arm find the style that is natural and comfortable for you. | |
Stay on the ground | |
| Myth - You should stay anchored to the ground when you hit most of your shots. Truth- Staying anchored to the ground may be good for golf, billiards, weightlifting, and fishing, but it does not work well in tennis. I love giving lessons to players who have been told over and over again to stay on the ground when hitting their shots. I love to see the expression on their face when I say, "I do not care if you jump off the ground or not, whatever it takes to make the shot, just let your body go!" Most of my students feel like a big burden has been lifted off of their shoulders and now they can relax, play tennis, and jump off the ground if they wish. The pros jump off the ground on most of their groundstrokes, especially their power topspin shots. Jumping off the ground is a natural result of letting go and offers three important benefits. 1. More power 2. Improved fluency 3. Better balance More Power Jumping up causes a burst of impetus upward that adds power to your groundstrokes. Staying on the ground loses that extra power that can be beneficial in match play. Watch the pros as they jump off the ground in an attempt to hit harder and hit with more topspin on their groundstrokes. Improved fluency If you hit a ball and let your body come to a screeching halt you will lose the fluency of that particular shot. If you let yourself go and your body leaves the ground the natural result will be a more fluid shot. Contrary to popular belief, jumping off the ground maintains fluency, it does not destroy it. If it did destroy fluency why would the pros be jumping all over the place on many of their shots? Better balance Same principle as improved fluency. If you come to an abrupt stop while you are hitting the ball you will have a difficult time gaining your balance after the shot. If you let yourself go and jump off the ground when hitting, your balance will be more natural and much easier to maintain. Here is the bottom line. The pros jump off the ground because they know instinctively that it is beneficial. You should do the same. Play without forcing yourself to stay on the ground and as a result jumping will occur naturally and instinctively. You will be playing and thinking like a pro! | |
Racket head above wrist | |
| Myth - You should keep your racket head above your wrist on your shots. Truth - The pros drop the racket head all the time to hit topspin on their forehand and backhand groundstrokes. Yes, the racket head stays higher on the volleys, but that is because you are trying to hit with a slice (imparting a downward punch to make the ball spin backward). Keeping the racket head higher on the volleys will come naturally as you learn how to hit with a little slice on the volley. Do not force yourself to keep the racket head above the wrist. Doing this will have the affect of making you too rigid and mechanical in your play. This will frustrate your ability to play more instinctive, automatic, and relaxed tennis. If you have read any of my web site or any of my myth list you should realize by now that I am not a fan of all this excessive technical information. Which serves only to confuse and complicate the whole process of learning. Too much emphasis on the technical leads players to believe they have to do a host of mechanical things correctly before they can play tennis. The emphasis is on the technical information not the repetition that makes the technical work correctly. The emphasis should always, and I repeat, always be on repetition. When you are too technically oriented you will produce robot like play, not automatic, instinctive, relaxed play. Forcing yourself to Keep the racket head above the wrist along with keeping a firm wrist are two myths that can cause a player to become too stiff and mechanical. Listen to some of the commands you may hear in a typical lesson and see what you think. 1. Keep your racket above your wrist 2. Keep a firm wrist 3. Stay down on your shots 4. Stay still and balanced after your shots 5. Keep your head down 6. Keep your weight forward Who plays like that? I don’t. Other pros do not either! You go with what the situation dictates. If hitting with your weight moving backward is necessary, that is what you do. If you have to dip the racket head down below the wrist to retrieve a ball, that is what you do! Thinking and playing like a pro will require you to let go of many traditionally accepted ideas that hamper the natural learning process. |
